目的 为减少老年人使用铁路自助售票机视觉认知出错，对自助售票界面进行优化设计。方法 梳理老年人视觉认知出错的类别及其相应的出错因子;募集30名老年人参加自助购票全过程模拟实验，结合实验后的访谈数据，提取老年人购票过程中可能出现的视觉认知出错问题，并进行分类;从视觉认知层面探讨购票出错的深层原因，分析现有自助售票界面中不符合老年人视觉认知加工特点的设计;提出铁路自助售票机界面优化策略，并对界面进行适老化改进和评估。结论 研究显示，老年人在自助售票界面视觉认知过程中，会因注意失效、知觉混淆和疏忽产生错过目标信息、错误理解目标信息、不理解目标信息语义、难以匹配原有认知经验等出错问题，这些问题通过合理组织与强化信息、增强目标信息语义理解度、匹配老年人认知经验和提升容错性等方法进行优化。优化后界面的可用性测试结果显示，从视觉认知出错角度进行适老化设计，是一种有效减少老年人操作错误、提高满意度的设计方法。

The paper intends to reduce the visual cognition errors of the elderly using the railway self-service ticket vending machine and optimize the design of the self-service ticketing interface. To sort out the types of visual cognition errors in the elderly and their corresponding error factors; Through recruiting 30 senior citizens to participate in the simulation experiment of the whole process of self-service ticket purchase, combined with the interview data after the experiment, to extract and classify the visual cognitive errors that may occur in the elderly ticket purchase; From the perspective of visual cognition, to explore the underlying causes of ticket purchase errors , and to analyze the design of the existing self-service ticketing interface that does not meet the characteristics of the visual cognitive processing of the elderly; An optimization strategy is proposed for the interface of railway self-service ticket vending machines to improve and evaluate the interface for aging. The research shows that in the process of visual cognition of the self-service ticketing interface, the elderly will miss and misunderstand the target information, fail to understand the semantics of the target information, and match the original cognitive experience due to attention failure, perceptual confusion and negligence. These problems are optimized by rationally organizing and strengthening information, strengthening the semantic understanding of target information, matching the cognitive experience of the elderly and increasing fault tolerance. The usability test results of the optimized interface show that it is an effective design method to reduce operation error and improve the satisfaction of the elderly from the perspective of visual cognition error.