The work aims to conduct in-depth research on the essence of design thinking based on philosophy and reinterprets design thinking to deepen the understanding of design thinking from the philosophical category, clarify the meaning of design thinking and explore the development trend and direction of design thinking. Based on technology philosophy, design philosophy, cognition philosophy and philosophical anthropology, the essence of design thinking was interpreted philosophically through the research of relevant literature and case search, to deepen the understanding of ontology and value of design thinking in speculative thinking, and determine the development direction of design thinking. The relationship between design thinking and philosophy is expounded, the essential understanding of design thinking from the perspectives of technology philosophy, design philosophy, cognition philosophy and philosophical anthropology is deepened, the research direction and ways of design thinking is expanded and the development status and existing problems of design thinking are clarified. Design thinking is an important way to solve complex problems and popularize design into public life. In the future, there is still large space for interdisciplinary fields such as artificial intelligence and collaborative innovation.