The work aims to explore how children's popular science literature during the Republic of China era used visual design within the social field to fulfill the dual missions of scientific education for children and the cultivation of "New Citizens", so as to provide valuable lessons from these design experiences for contemporary children's popular science literature. By returning to the historical context, this research categorized and analyzed primary materials from children's popular science magazines, focusing on visual elements and elite discourse. It employed field theory and reception aesthetics to examine visual issues in children's popular science literature. Within the social field of the Republic of China era, children's popular science literature developed an appeal structure through playful visual aesthetics, satisfying children's "horizon of expectations" and "aesthetic experiences." These works embedded the consciousness of a new generation of citizens and a profound mission of national salvation within children, constructing these ideas as part of their identities. During this period, children, influenced by the evolving material and institutional changes of the modern era, were also shaped and discovered, forming new scientific habits. Together, they contributed to the narrative of national salvation. In conclusion, the visual transformation in children's popular science literature was fundamentally driven by the national capital of interest, egalitarianism, national salvation, and the cultivation of future citizens, as advocated by elite figures. It represents a conceptual revolution initiated by the state to proactively change the passive situation.