The work aims to explore a systematic visual design method for spatial visual elements and organization within subway stations based on the spatial structure theory. Firstly, the visual design content of three categories such as subway station signage system, decoration system, and lighting system were analyzed. Secondly, the application and organization methods of visual contents such as guidance systems, decoration systems, and lighting systems in the spatial structure design stages of visual forms, visual symbols, and visual space were separately sorted out. Based on the characteristics of methods and the spatial structure theory, a spatial structure model for visual design inside subway stations was constructed. Finally, based on the analysis of spatial streamline and traffic function characteristics, spatial hierarchy and zoning design, spatial form and material color, combined with the theoretical model of spatial structure, a visual design method and process for subway stations were proposed. The visual design process of subway station interior based on spatial structure theory was applied to three visual design practices, and the results showed that refining the visual requirements of the station based on spatial structure models could clarify the visual weights and organizational relationships of the guidance, decoration, or lighting systems in the station interior visual system. In conclusion, the spatial structure model can be applied to the visual design of subway stations and has feasibility. It has good systematic organization of visual content in space and can provide theoretical reference and practical basis for the overall visual design of urban subway stations in the future.