Trust Study on Artificial Intelligence Generated Artistic Images

CHEN Li, LIU Yidong, WANG Kang, CHEN Xinxing

Packaging Engineering ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (18) : 359-367.

PDF(637 KB)
PDF(637 KB)
Packaging Engineering ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (18) : 359-367. DOI: 10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2025.18.032
Design Discussion

Trust Study on Artificial Intelligence Generated Artistic Images

  • CHEN Li1, LIU Yidong2,*, WANG Kang3, CHEN Xinxing4
Author information +
History +

Abstract

There have been numerous practical cases of AI-generated art images in the field of packaging design, but not all AI-generated images are accepted by users. The work aims to explore how the properties of art images influence people's judgment about whether art images are generated by AI, with focus on whether the user can "trust" the way the image is drawn, rather than whether the user can distinguish the AI-generated art image, so as to provide empirical reference and advice for designers to screen the AI-generated art image and AI-generated image technology. AI generated art images and real-life art images in the art image database were classified based on the three attributes of art image complexity, sample entropy and art style; 160 art images with different complexity and art style were screened. Each art image was scored by the subjects based on their level of trust in whether it was generated by AI. A questionnaire test was conducted on the artistic knowledge level of the subjects. The attributes of art images and the users' degree of trust on the ways of image drawing were analyzed. The results showed that entropy had no significant effect on user trust, and complexity and individual artistic knowledge had a significant effect on the way users trust images. The results have practical implications for understanding user trust building in artistic images, and deepen the understanding of how image properties affect human perception.

Key words

trust / art image design / artificial intelligence generation / complexity / visual recognition

Cite this article

Download Citations
CHEN Li, LIU Yidong, WANG Kang, CHEN Xinxing. Trust Study on Artificial Intelligence Generated Artistic Images[J]. Packaging Engineering. 2025, 46(18): 359-367 https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2025.18.032

References

[1] KELLY S, KAYE S A, OVIEDO-TRESPALACIOS O.What Factors Contribute to the Acceptance of Artificial Intelligence? A Systematic Review[J]. Telematics and Informatics, 2023, 77: 101925.
[2] CHI O H, JIA S Z, LI Y F, et al.Developing a Formative Scale to Measure Consumers' Trust Toward Interaction with Artificially Intelligent (AI) Social Robots in Service Delivery[J]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2021, 118: 106700.
[3] 蒋昀霖, 夏志杰, 谢妍曦. 人工智能辅助辨别虚假信息中的用户信任与感知研究[J]. 情报杂志, 2025, 44(1): 164-171.
JIANG Y L, XIA Z J, XIE Y X.Research on Trust and Perception in Artificial Intelligence-Assisted User Identification of Disinformation[J]. Journal of Intelligence, 2025, 44(1): 164-171.
[4] 齐玥, 陈俊廷, 秦邵天, 等. 通用人工智能时代的人与AI信任[J]. 心理科学进展, 2024, 32(12): 2124-2136.
QI Y, CHEN J T, QIN S T, et al.Human-AI Mutual Trust in the Era of Artificial General Intelligence[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2024, 32(12): 2124-2136.
[5] GILLATH O, AI T, BRANICKY M S, et al.Attachment and Trust in Artificial Intelligence[J]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2021, 115: 106607.
[6] GLIKSON E, WOOLLEY A W.Human Trust in Artificial Intelligence: Review of Empirical Research[J]. Academy of Management Annals, 2020, 14(2): 627-660.
[7] 徐娟芳, 陈子昂. 基于eHMI的车外人机交互信任影响因素研究[J]. 包装工程, 2024, 45(14): 225-232.
XU J F, CHEN Z A.Influencing Factor of Trust in External Human-Machine Interface[J]. Packaging Engineering, 2024, 45(14): 225-232.
[8] 孙造诣, 许苇婧, 陈思恬, 等. 算法还是专家? 任务类型对人机信任和价值感知的影响[J]. 包装工程, 2023, 44(20): 18-24.
SUN Z Y, XU W J, CHEN S T, et al.Algorithm or Human Expert? Effects of Task Type on Human-Computer Trust and Perception of Value[J]. Packaging Engineering, 2023, 44(20): 18-24.
[9] 周美玉, 李超, 帅如. 以信任为导向的跨境电商服务设计模型[J]. 包装工程, 2019, 40(16): 101-107.
ZHOU M Y, LI C, SHUAI R.A Service Design Model of Cross-Border E-Commerce Based on Trust[J]. Packaging Engineering, 2019, 40(16): 101-107.
[10] 何人可, 韩欣雨. 通过用户体验设计提升网站初始信任的研究[J]. 包装工程, 2015, 36(22): 5-8.
HE R K, HAN X Y.Enhancing the Website’s Initial Trust through User Experience Design[J]. Packaging Engineering, 2015, 36(22): 5-8.
[11] MA X Y, HUO Y D.Drawing a Satisfying Picture: An Exploratory Study of Human-AI Interaction in AI Painting through Breakdown-Repair Communication Strategies[J]. Information Processing & Management, 2024, 61(4): 103755.
[12] KAPLAN A D, KESSLER T T, CHRISTOPHER BRILL J, et al.Trust in Artificial Intelligence: Meta-Analytic Findings[J]. Human Factors, 2023, 65(2): 337-359.
[13] GANGADHARBATLA H.The Role of AI Attribution Knowledge in the Evaluation of Artwork[J]. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 2022, 40(2): 125-142.
[14] PARK J, KANG H, KIM H Y.Human, Do You Think this Painting Is the Work of a Real Artist?[J]. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 2024, 40(18): 5174-5191.
[15] OMRANI N, RIVIECCIO G, FIORE U, et al.To Trust or Not to Trust? An Assessment of Trust in AI-Based Systems: Concerns, Ethics and Contexts[J]. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2022, 181: 121763.
[16] CHOUNG H, DAVID P, ROSS A.Trust in AI and Its Role in the Acceptance of AI Technologies[J]. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 2023, 39(9): 1727-1739.
[17] WANG Z, BOVIK A C, SHEIKH H R, et al.Image Quality Assessment: From Error Visibility to Structural Similarity[J]. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 2004, 13(4): 600-612.
[18] ZHANG R, ISOLA P, EFROS A A, et al.The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metric[C]//2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Salt Lake City: IEEE, 2018: 586-595.
[19] SANAKOYEU A, KOTOVENKO D, LANG S, et al.A Style-Aware Content Loss for Real-Time HD Style Transfer[M]. Computer Vision-ECCV 2018. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018: 715-731.
[20] CHEN J Y, AN J, LYU H J, et al.Learning to Evaluate the Artness of AI-Generated Images[J]. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 2024, 26: 10731-10740.
[21] CHEIN J M, MARTINEZ S A, BARONE A R.Human Intelligence Can Safeguard Against Artificial Intelligence: Individual Differences in the Discernment of Human from AI Texts[J]. Scientific Reports, 2024, 14(1): 25989.
[22] SUN Y K, YANG C H, LYU Y R, et al.From Pigments to Pixels: A Comparison of Human and AI Painting[J]. Applied Sciences, 2022, 12(8): 3724.
[23] TAYLOR R P, GUZMAN R, MARTIN T P, et al.Authenticating Pollock Paintings Using Fractal Geometry[J]. Pattern Recognition Letters, 2007, 28(6): 695-702.
[24] KIM D, SON S W, JEONG H.Large-Scale Quantitative Analysis of Painting Arts[J]. Scientific Reports, 2014, 4: 7370.
[25] ZUJOVIC J, GANDY L, FRIEDMAN S, et al.Classifying Paintings by Artistic Genre: An Analysis of Features & Classifiers[C]//2009 IEEE International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing. Rio de Janeiro: IEEE, 2009: 1-5.
[26] PERC M.Beauty in Artistic Expressions through the Eyes of Networks and Physics[J]. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface, 2020, 17(164): 20190686.
[27] TAYLOR R P, MICOLICH A P, JONAS D.Fractal Analysis of Pollock's Drip Paintings[J]. Nature, 1999, 399: 422.
[28] MUREIKA J R, FAIRBANKS M S, TAYLOR R P.Multifractal Comparison of the Painting Techniques of Adults and Children[C]//Computer Vision and Image Analysis of Art. San Jose: SPIE, 2010: 191-196.
[29] LEE B, KIM D, SUN S, et al.Heterogeneity in Chromatic Distance in Images and Characterization of Massive Painting Data Set[J]. PLoS One, 2018, 13(9): e0204430.
[30] PEPTENATU D, ANDRONACHE I, AHAMMER H, et al.Kolmogorov Compression Complexity may Differentiate Different Schools of Orthodox Iconography[J]. Scientific Reports, 2022, 12(1): 10743.
[31] SIGAKI H Y D, PERC M, RIBEIRO H V. History of Art Paintings through the Lens of Entropy and Complexity[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2018, 115(37): E8585-E8594.
[32] PAPIA E M, KONDI A, CONSTANTOUDIS V.Entropy and Complexity Analysis of AI-Generated and Human- Made Paintings[J]. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 2023, 170: 113385.
[33] BELFI A M, VESSEL E A, BRIELMANN A, et al.Dynamics of Aesthetic Experience Are Reflected in the Default-Mode Network[J]. NeuroImage, 2019, 188: 584-597.
[34] STANISCHEWSKI S, ALTMANN C S, BRACHMANN A, et al.Aesthetic Perception of Line Patterns: Effect of Edge-Orientation Entropy and Curvilinear Shape[J]. i-Perception, 2020, 11(5): 2041669520950749.
[35] HEAPS C, HANDEL S.Similarity and Features of Natural Textures[J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1999, 25(2): 299-320.
[36] DENG L Q, POOLE M S.Aesthetic Design of E- Commerce Web Pages-Webpage Complexity, Order and Preference[J]. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 2012, 11(4): 420-440.
[37] HARPER S, MICHAILIDOU E, STEVENS R.Toward a Definition of Visual Complexity as an Implicit Measure of Cognitive Load[J]. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, 2009, 6(2): 1-18.
[38] GU Z Y, JIN C H, CHANG D, et al.Predicting Webpage Aesthetics with Heatmap Entropy[J]. Behaviour & Information Technology, 2021, 40(7): 676-690.
[39] WANG Z Y, DUFF B R L, CLAYTON R B. Establishing a Factor Model for Aesthetic Preference for Visual Complexity of Brand Logo[J]. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 2018, 39(1): 83-100.
[40] LANDWEHR J R, LABROO A A, HERRMANN A.Gut Liking for the Ordinary: Incorporating Design Fluency Improves Automobile Sales Forecasts[J]. Marketing Science, 2011, 30(3): 416-429.
[41] CARDACI M, DI GESÙ V, PETROU M, et al.A Fuzzy Approach to the Evaluation of Image Complexity[J]. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 2009, 160(10): 1474-1484.
[42] ROSENHOLTZ R, LI Y Z, NAKANO L.Measuring Visual Clutter[J]. Journal of Vision, 2007, 7(2): 17.
[43] CORCHS S E, CIOCCA G, BRICOLO E, et al.Predicting Complexity Perception of Real World Images[J]. PLoS One, 2016, 11(6): e0157986.
[44] HARDY, RAND &, CATHERINE. The Ishihara Test as a Means of Detecting and Analyzing Defective Color Vision[J]. The Journal of General Psychology, 1947, 36(1): 79-106.
[45] SHANNON C E.A Mathematical Theory of Communication[J]. The Bell System Technical Journal, 1948, 27(3): 379-423.
[46] GONZALEZ R C.Digital Image Processing[M]. Berlin: Pearson Education India, 2009.
[47] LOPEZ-RUIZ R, MANCINI H L, CALBET X.A Statistical Measure of Complexity[J]. Physics Letters A, 1995, 209(5/6): 321-326.
[48] CHIRUMBOLO A, BRIZI A, MASTANDREA S, et al.‘Beauty Is No Quality in Things Themselves’: Epistemic Motivation Affects Implicit Preferences for Art[J]. PLoS One, 2014, 9(10): e110323.
[49] BELKE B, LEDER H, AUGUSTIN D. Mastering Style.Effects of Explicit Style-Related Information, Art Knowledge and Affective State on Appreciation of Abstract Paintings[J]. Psychology Science, 2006, 48(2): 115.
[50] BRIEBER D, LEDER H, NADAL M.The Experience of Art in Museums: An Attempt to Dissociate the Role of Physical Context and Genuineness[J]. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 2015, 33(1): 95-105.
[51] SPECKER E, FORSTER M, BRINKMANN H, et al.The Vienna Art Interest and Art Knowledge Questionnaire (VAIAK): A Unified and Validated Measure of Art Interest and Art Knowledge[J]. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 2020, 14(2): 172-185.
[52] JEBB A T, NG V, TAY L.A Review of Key Likert Scale Development Advances: 1995-2019[J]. Frontiers in Psychology, 2021, 12: 637547.
[53] RYAN G, MOSCA A, CHANG R, et al.At a Glance: Pixel Approximate Entropy as a Measure of Line Chart Complexity[J]. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 2019, 25(1): 872-881.
[54] SHI Y, GAO T, JIAO X H, et al.Understanding Design Collaboration Between Designers and Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Literature Review[J]. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 2023, 7(2): 1-35.
PDF(637 KB)

Accesses

Citation

Detail

Sections
Recommended

/