Inadequate adherence to rehabilitation training is a critical issue affecting functional recovery outcomes. Traditional rehabilitation training characterized by high repetitiveness, insufficient feedback and monotonous scenarios, often leads to decreased patient motivation. The work aims to construct an interactive design model of multimodal feedback (visual, auditory, and tactile) in a virtual reality (VR) environment and empirically examine its impact mechanism on rehabilitation training adherence. Based on the self-determination theory and flow theory, a theoretical model was established and a VR rehabilitation system incorporating visual, auditory and tactile feedback was designed. A single-factor three-level between-group experimental design was employed, with participants randomly assigned to a full feedback group (visual, auditory, and tactile), an auditory feedback group, or a no-feedback group, for a 28-day intervention. Objective adherence indicators, subjective adherence scores and psychological variables were measured and statistical analyses were conducted with one-way ANOVA, repeated-measures ANOVA, and Bootstrap mediation effect analysis. Multimodal feedback significantly improved rehabilitation training adherence (P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the full-feedback group demonstrated significant improvements in engagement, immersion, and self-efficacy. Mediation analysis revealed that engagement and self-efficacy partially mediated the relationship between feedback mode and adherence. Audio-visual-tactile multimodal feedback in VR environments enhances rehabilitation training adherence by strengthening competence and flow experience. This work provides theoretical basis and practical guidance for designing highly adherent rehabilitation systems.
Key words
adherence to rehabilitation training /
Virtual Reality (VR) /
multimodal feedback
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